Flea and tick treatments using the insecticides fipronil and imidacloprid are commonly used on pet dogs, whether as spot-on treatments or collars. However, many people have concerns over whether the pesticides come off the dog and get into the environment or even on the people interacting with the dog. And how about dogs that sleep in the same bed with their owners?
A recent study is adding to the growing body of evidence that says we are right to be concerned - that yes, insecticides used on dogs, whether spot-treatments or flea collars, do come off for days. In this latest study, scientists applied spot-on treatments of either fipronil and imidacloprid to 49 dogs.
After 5, 14, and 28 days the dogs were immersed in water for 5 minutes and the levels of the pesticides in the water were measured. Yikes! The pesticides were detected in 100% of all water samples. In fact, even at day 28 it was quite a bit - exceeded safe levels. The researchers said that after being treated, that dogs should not go swimming in water for 4 weeks (far longer than the current 4 day pesticide guidelines).
The study results could explain why these 2 pesticides are contaminating water bodies (e.g., ponds). The researchers write:
"Recent reports reveal widespread fipronil and imidacloprid contamination of fresh waters in the UK despite restrictions on agricultural use, frequently occurring at concentrations that ecotoxicity studies have shown can harm aquatic life.13-15 ... New research has shown that ‘down-the-drain’ household transfer from treated pets, and subsequent entry via wastewater, is a major source of fipronil and imidacloprid freshwater pollution.17 High concentrations and strong positive correlations with dog swimming activity have also been demonstrated in dog swimming ponds, indicating that dog swimming is a further source of surface water pollution.18"
To get a sense of how toxic these 2 pesticides are: both insecticides are banned in the EU for agricultural use, and even have restrictions in agricultural use in the US. Yet, they are commonly used on our pets. Even when taken orally (pills), the dogs excrete the pesticides in their feces and urine, contaminating the environment. The researchers suggest only treating pets when needed with these pesticides, and not when there isn't a need (in other words, don't do "routine prevention" if there isn't a need).
From an article by Michael Le Page in New Scientist: Dogs pollute water with pesticides even weeks after flea treatment
If your dog will jump in the nearest river, pond or lake given half a chance, don’t use spot-on treatments for fleas and ticks, say researchers.
A study has shown that when dogs are immersed in water, their skin and fur can release levels of the active ingredients harmful to aquatic wildlife and the animals that eat them – including birds – for up to 28 days after treatment.
“If your dog swims regularly, you shouldn’t be treating it with spot-on,” says Rosemary Perkins at the University of Sussex, UK.
When spot-on treatments were first introduced, they were wrongly assumed not to have any consequences for the wider environment. Only in 2011 did a European Medicines Agency paper suggest animals be kept out of water for 48 hours afterwards, and this suggestion was not based on any experiments, says Perkins. “I could find absolutely no supporting evidence for that. It’s just a thumb-suck figure.”
She started to suspect there was an issue after finding fipronil, one of the pesticides used in spot-on treatments, in rivers in the UK. “We found astonishingly high levels,” says Perkins.
So her team applied spot-on treatments containing either fipronil or a neonicotinoid called imidacloprid to 25 and 24 dogs, respectively. After five, 14 or 28 days, the dogs were immersed in water up to their shoulders in plastic tubs for 5 minutes, and the levels of the pesticides in the water were then measured.
The team found that even after 28 days, the amount of pesticide coming off a single large dog in this time frame would be enough to exceed safe levels if mixed into a 100-cubic-metre body of water. That’s the volume of a pond a few metres across, but even much larger bodies of water will exceed the safe limit if lots of treated dogs swim in them often, says Perkins.
She argues that regulators around the world should change guidelines but suspects this could take a long time, if it happens at all. But dog owners can act now – they should use spot-on treatments only when necessary, rather as a preventative, says Perkins, as well as keep dogs away from water for at least a month after treatment. “The take-home finding is that there is an element of risk if your dog goes swimming at any point within that period.”
There is now an alternative to spot-on treatments in the form of oral tablets, but Perkins says it isn’t clear if these are better. The active ingredients are long-lasting chemicals that are excreted in faeces and can pollute soils, she says. “We just have no idea what their impact is.”